pose: implies an attitude deliberately assumed in order to impress others or to call attention to oneself: her shyness was just a ~.  （assume装作表现出to put on a false appearance通常没有恶意，如assumed an air of cheerfulness for the sake of the patient为了病人装作欢快的样子，如he contented himself by assuming an air of superiority他表现出一副高高在上的样子以获得自我满足；assume还表示假设to accept something arbitrarily without proof）      又如in many writers modesty is a pose, but in Ford it seems to be genuine很多作家都是故作谦虚，但福特却似乎表里如一


air: may suggest natural acquirement through environment or way of life: years of living in Europe had given him a sophisticated ~.   如NCE4中有一句I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom我觉得年轻人令人振奋，他们的神态无拘无束，如she looked at him with a defiant air她用叛逆的神情看着他


airs: always implies artificiality and pretentiousness: a snobby couple much given to putting on ~.  （pretentious虚张声势implies an appearance of importance not justified by the thing's value or the person's standing外表好像显得重要，但和价值地位不相符，如for a family-style restaurant, the menu was far too pretentious对于家庭饭馆来说，这菜单显得太虚张声势）  I hate the way she puts on airs我不喜欢她那装腔作势的样子      同snobbish势利的自命不凡的


affectation: applies to a trick of speech or behavior that strikes the observer as insincere: his foreign accent is an ~.   （affected做作，即装模作样营造效果不真诚不自然to do something in order to impress others,如his foreign accent is just an affectation他的外国口音只是做作表演）     trick伎俩小手段implies roguishness and deception and illusion，如used every trick in the book to get teacher's attention使用各种伎俩吸引老师注意


mannerism: applies to an acquired peculiarity of behavior or speech that has become a habit: gesturing with a cigarette was her most noticeable ~.


pose姿态、装模作样: 指故意装出某种态度，目的是引人注意，air神态神气神情: 由于环境和生活方式等因素自然形成的，airs装腔作势摆架子: 表示矫揉和虚张声势，affectation做作矫情: 使用（语言或行为）伎俩让人觉得不真诚，mannerism习惯(言谈举止): 指独特的言谈举止习惯


记忆方法: 1）首字母PAAAM想成3个下午<==姿态

         2）姿态的意思是采取的语言行为方式mean an adopted way of speaking or behaving.      adopt采纳收养，表示接纳其他人所创建或拥有的事物方式方法